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She would return to Mombasa and not remarry for at least year she asserted At least one man divorced his wife as result of these affairs. External link.

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The Labour Migration of Women. At any one time however there are also handful of women the village who more openly receive and are well known for this Even such women may at any time marry Secondly the status of the payment itself may be ambiguous since it may be more in the nature of gift from man to his lover than purchase Prostitutes Kamba sexual services In so far as straightforward payments are made they are said to be much lower than the rates in Mombasa esti mates ranged from as high as Sh.

It true that she had had all the men mentioned some indeed had come but not all those Kitina Prostitutes Kamba her Prostitutes Kamba golden teeth and pressed her hands bedecked with seven gold Prostitutes Kamba together Too much talk here altogether In Mombasa accept our men as customers] my customers are Europeans or Indians They are willing to pay Prostitutes Kamba loo time but our men want it for Sh 5.

She Prostitutes Kamba return to Mombasa and not remarry for at least year she asserted At least one man divorced his wife as result of these affairs. In the Annual Report of Lamu District of which Atu is part noted that both men and women were leaving the area to go to Mombasa. SEXUAL POLITICS IN ATU 23 dependent on the prosperity of male relatives With the onset of economic decline then it would be surprising if the situation of these women did Prostitutes Kamba suffer drastically One did not have here the phenom enon found in so many other parts of East and Central Africa where when men absented themselves as labour migrants women were left to cultivate Since women here did not cultivate at all the consequence of large exodus of males was contraction of the local economy.

Whilst the northern coast of Kenya suffered serious economic recession the first few decades Prostitutes Kamba the century Mombasa was expe riencing phase of rapid growth With the building of the Uganda railway with its terminus in Mombasa and the Prostitutes Kamba of the port of Kilindini the town enjoyed period of commercial prosperity which led to marked expansion in its male population Although East African operations in the First World War had only marginal effect on the coast they nevertheless served to accentuate process already under way namely the disproportionate growth of Mombasa relative to other coastal centres.

The demand for sexual services was in fact so great that Atu prostitutes were able to operate discriminatory pricing system so as to obtain the highest rewards from those with the most money and on Prostitutes Kamba whole to avoid the poorest i. One old lady now in Atu but who had been Prostitutes Kamba basa during this period was said to have become so prosperous that she wore pure gold ornaments on her shoes There was Prostitutes Kamba course another side to the story of this period An elderly woman remembered that the British soldiers Johnnies used to go around beating up prostitutes and that they had knocked out the teeth Prostitutes Kamba one Atu woman and raped other women who were not prostitutes In Mombasa today prostitutes from the coast are under pressure of competition from upcountry African women who have moved into the town increasing numbers and who operate more directly and auda ciously Meanwhile the Prostitutes Kamba customers of coastal prostitutes.

Prostitutes Kamba and Property. In the agricultural economy of present-day Atu women play only very minor part In particular the work Prostitutes Kamba cultivation is considered to be Prostitutes Kamba male activity attitudes on this question can be summed up by one who pointed at her genitals and said We women cultivate here that is enough.

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On Prostitutes Kamba other hand it should be pointed out that apart from their domestic and reproductie activities women Prostitutes Kamba play significant ancillary role to male production whether as family labour or for payment They help in the transport of produce from the farms to the village they weave strips of matting which are later sewn into sacks for the transport of produce they make roofing materials for houses and they do some basic processing of crops sorting cotton removing tamarind seeds from their sticky shells Prostitutes Kamba and grinding maize and so on Men may also carry out these tasks but they generally do so only if they are old or sick or temporarily unable to cultivate for some reason woman who has to rely on these activities for her sole subsistence however Prostitutes Kamba is one who is not fed Prostitutes Kamba provided for by father or husband will find herself in extremely strained circumstances In woman could earn about Sh.

SEXUAL Prostitutes Kamba IN ATU 27 is in an even more difficult position for it is Prostitutes Kamba easy to employ labour Atu With the end of slavery men no longer wished to cultivate for others and with ready availability of common land25 they might scrape subsistence living without Prostitutes Kamba so Most labour here then is family labour and even this might be grudgingly given son prefers to cultivate on his own account rather than work for his parents. In spite of the fact that in there were almost as many women absent from Atu as men there existed marked demographic imbalance between the sexes the village with 1.

If polygamy is rare in Atu however what is sometimes described as serial polygyny is the common pattern here Roughly two thirds of the marriages contracted in Atu end in divorce30 most in the early phase of marriage but some after many years of living together The majority of Atu adults have therefore been married more than once and there are some who have married and remarried innumerable times Since Atu people are Muslims it is men who divorce women women cannot divorce men To effect divorce is Prostitutes Kamba easy for man he simply finds two men to bear witness that he has three times told his wife divorce you.

Although an aggrieved wife has no such easy recourse women in Atu will rarely endure marital situation in which. SEXUAL POLITICS IN ATU 29 they feel they have been wronged Such woman will simply ask to be divorced and for most men Prostitutes Kamba demand could not be refused without masculine loss of face Alternatively the wife may make life so uncom fortable for her husband by being uncooperative Prostitutes Kamba avoiding his sexual advances that in the end he finds he Prostitutes Kamba do Prostitutes Kamba else but divorce her.

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There are of course addition many divorced women temporarily without husbands who have young children to support Men blame women and women men for the frequency of divorce in Atu Generally people attribute mantal discord to adultery Thus one man said The wives of this place are always after Prostitutes Kamba it is their whilst another asserted that he did not like the mentality of Atu women Behind your back they are always Prostitutes Kamba at other men and going after them.

Women however have different story to tell Men are never satisfied with one wife they are always on the lookout for someone else And naturally Prostitutes Kamba wife comes to hear of this she tells her husband divorce me. Whatever the truth of the matter the fact Prostitutes Kamba for men alternative spouses exist in abundance must surely influence attitudes to marriage Next to accusations of adultery quarrels with in-laws are probably the most frequent cause of divorce Atu This is one of the conse quences of the Prostitutes Kamba that it is women who own houses here rather than men SEXUAL POLITICS IN ATU more ambivalent there may be hostility between sons and their husbands and in any case sons leave home when they marry Prostitutes Kamba has more tenuous relationships with both sons and daughters in broken marriage and this is undoubtedly the reason why sons prefer to cultivate for themselves rather than for their fathers.

Although these days many young Prostitutes Kamba find ways of escaping these restraints it is unheard of for an unmarried girl independently to leave Atu for Mombasa Prostitutes are without exception women who Prostitutes Kamba already been married In Mwanahawa was living in her house with her Prostitutes Kamba her grandmother her husband and two young brothers one by her present husband one by third marriage of her She was married to man named Somoebwana but the marriage was very unstable Twice whilst Mwanahawa was pregnant she and her husband quarrelled and he left Her only explanation for this was that Men here are very He returned to her after the birth of the child and Prostitutes Kamba marriage continued though shakily After several more months however Mwanahawa was finally divorced year.

Two hundred and eighty WSW participated in the study. The data were collected between Prostitutes Kamba and November Interviews were conducted in private, using a semi-structured questionnaire with both open and closed-ended questions.

Participants' answers were recorded by the interviewers in individual questionnaires. All interviewers, recruited from the respective cities, were Kenyan WSW who had prior experience with basic research methods. In addition, interviewers had received training on sexual orientation sensitivity, as well as privacy, confidentiality, and security issues surrounding data collection. Study facilitators also briefed interviewers on sensitivity and privacy concerns before Prostitutes Kamba took place.

Trained research assistants later transcribed data into an Excel sheet, which was then imported into SPSS. Before each interview, interviewers obtained written consent by presenting a consent form that explained survey respondents' voluntary participation and their Prostitutes Kamba to withdraw at any time; the study's purpose; survey procedures; potential risks and benefits for participation; investigators' contact information; and information regarding privacy, confidentiality, and data storage.

Moreover, interviewers verbally explained each of these components to participants and answered any questions. Prostitutes Kamba survey respondents agreed to participate by signing the consent form.

Participants Prostitutes Kamba not compensated for their time. The structured questionnaire included closed Prostitutes Kamba, as well as a few open questions.

Closed questions were used to assess demographic information and topics related to sexual and reproductive health, such as number of female and male sexual partners; experiences with Prostitutes Kamba experiences with STIs Prostitutes Kamba HIV testing and diagnoses; and disclosure of same-sex sexual practices to healthcare providers.

Open questions were used to ask questions for which no precoded answers were available. Prostitutes Kamba example, participants were asked to describe reasons for disclosing or not disclosing their sexuality to health care providers.

The questionnaire was pretested with a few Kenyan WSW. Prostitutes Kamba addition to descriptive statistics, we used the Chi-square to test differences in participants' responses in relation to the following variables: age; level of education; employment status; monthly income; city of residence; number of female sexual partners in the past three years categorized as 1 to 2; 3 to 6; and more than 6 ; having had any male sexual partners in the past three years; ever Prostitutes Kamba procured an abortion; having an STI Prostitutes Kamba in the past three years; and ever having been tested for HIV.

We used the same approach for exploring Prostitutes Kamba between health outcomes. Differences in variables with more than two categories were interpreted using standardized adjusted residuals values greater than 1.

For our qualitative data analysis, we looked for general patterns in responses and selected illustrative quotations. No Prostitutes Kamba analysis Prostitutes Kamba conducted. No approval for the conduct of this study was sought from an ethical review board because Prostitutes Kamba are no legal requirements in Kenya to obtain approval for survey studies with a cross-sectional design.

Most of the women who participated in the study Half of the women Of the total sample, Although all women had completed Prostitutes Kamba form of education, half of them Of all WSW, Almost half of WSW surveyed fell into income brackets associated with urban poverty in Kenya the monthly average household income among urban slum dwellers in Kenya ranged between 7, and 13, Kenyan shillings.

The three cities were relatively equally represented: Kisumu However, there were some differences between women based on Prostitutes Kamba they lived Table 1. Compared to women from Nairobi and Mombasa, women from Kisumu were more likely to have completed primary and secondary education only, while women Prostitutes Kamba Nairobi were more likely to have completed a Bachelor's or Master's degree. Women living in Mombasa were most likely to be unemployed compared to women in Kisumu and Nairobi.

Women with the lowest level of income were most likely to live in Mombasa, whereas women with the highest level of income were more likely to live in Kisumu. While all women reported having at least one female sexual partner in the past three Prostitutes Kamba, The number of female sex partners women had was not related to age, level of education, employment status, or income Table 2.

One hundred and nine women Whether women had sex with male partners in the preceding three years was not related to age or employment status.

Women with the middle-income level were the most likely to report a male sexual partner in the preceding Prostitutes Kamba years compared to the other income levels. Women living in Kisumu were less likely to have engaged in sex with men in the preceding three Prostitutes Kamba compared to women from Mombasa and Nairobi. Some women reported past experiences with abortion Whether women ever had an abortion was not related to age, level of education, or employment status. Women in the middle-income level were the most likely to report a previous abortion compared to the other income Prostitutes Kamba.

Women from Mombasa were more likely than women from Nairobi and Kisumu to report having ever procured an abortion. About a third of the women Women who reported one or more STIs in the past three years were older, had a higher level of education, and were the least likely to be unemployed. Women who reported any male sexual partners Prostitutes Kamba the past three years were also more likely to Prostitutes Kamba experienced an STI in the same time period: Of the women who reported having at least one Prostitutes Kamba in the past three years, Prostitutes Kamba Most women The vast majority of women Women with Prostitutes Kamba lowest level of education were the least likely to have ever been tested for HIV, while women with the highest level of education were the most likely to have been tested in the past year.

Unemployed women were the least likely to have been tested, while employed women were the most likely to have been tested in Prostitutes Kamba past year. Twenty-one women 7. Self-reporting an HIV positive test result was associated with certain factors, including number of female partners, having any male sexual partners, income, past abortions, and past STIs.

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Reporting an HIV positive test result was not related to age, level of education, employment status and place of residence. Women who reported any Prostitutes Kamba sexual partners in the preceding three years were more likely to report an HIV positive test result, Women who reported experiencing any STI in the preceding three years were more likely to self-report an HIV positive test result compared to women who reported having no STIs in the past three years, One-fifth of the women said that they had been able to talk with their doctor as an open lesbian or bisexual woman.

In response to an Prostitutes Kamba question, some women mentioned that the reason for being open with their doctors Prostitutes Kamba that they had specific sexual health issues.

Prostitutes Kamba women claimed that doctors' positive attitudes prompted them to be open about their sexuality. She even found my sexual orientation amusing.

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Some women said the primary Prostitutes Kamba they were Prostitutes Kamba to their physicians was because they wanted to receive adequate medical care. Most women who were not open about their sexuality during a doctor's visit explained that being lesbian or bisexual was irrelevant to the purpose of Prostitutes Kamba visit.

Some women, for example, reported that they were seeking Prostitutes Kamba for malaria. One woman said she was having an abortion. This is the first study to report on sexual and reproductive health issues among WSW living in Kenya.

As was found in other studies among WSW in Africa, 1419 women who have sex with women seldom do so exclusively: a substantial proportion of women had sex with men as well, exposing them to all risks associated with heterosexual sex.

One out of seven women reported ever having an Prostitutes Kamba and one out of three women reported having had at least one STI. Almost all women had ever been tested for HIV. Almost one in ten women who Prostitutes Kamba ever received an HIV test reported a positive status. These findings indicate that WSW in Kenya Prostitutes Kamba an important population for public health efforts. The results of this study, moreover, indicate that Kenyan WSW, in comparison to heterosexual women in Kenya, may Prostitutes Kamba be at risk for developing post-abortion complications, including mortality and morbidity, as a result of widespread prevalence of unsafe abortion.

The estimated rate of induced abortion in Kenya is 48 induced abortions per women of Prostitutes Kamba age 15—49 years ; there is strong evidence that the majority of these induced abortions in Kenya are unsafe. Inthe year data were collected for this study, 6. Yet, although Kenyan WSW's health concerns are not explicitly mentioned in public health strategies, including national HIV-prevention strategies, the recent success of national HIV testing campaigns may Prostitutes Kamba why a significant proportion of the sample Public outreach Prostitutes Kamba also explain why most of these women reported that they had been tested for HIV between and

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About a third of the women Factors such as low-income and religious conservativism in Kenya can explain why widespread discrimination against gays and lesbians appears to exist. There are of course addition many divorced women temporarily without husbands who have young children to support Men blame women and women men for the frequency of divorce in Atu Generally people attribute mantal discord to adultery Thus one man said The wives of this place are always after men it is their whilst another asserted that he did not like the mentality of Atu women Behind your back they are always looking at other men and going after them.

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