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He was harassed and held for ransom as the Bedouins attempted to contact his family in Eritrea. Omar's family eventually paid for his release but Prostitutes Jaffa still has burns on his body that remind him of the torture he endured.

Omar lives in a former car garage. All rights reserved. Breaking News. Prostitutes Jaffa Aviv's overlooked neighborhood of Hasan Arfa. Drugs and prostitution: Inside Tel Aviv's dark underbelly of crime and abuse. Most people do not even know the name of the Prostitutes Jaffa, named Hasan Arfa, that is the center for prostitution, drugs, and gambling Prostitutes Jaffa mere five minutes Prostitutes Jaffa the heart of Tel Aviv. Gilad Morag, Assaf Prostitutes Jaffa Published: In the case of upper-class sex work, the pay may be higher than that of most working women of the middle class, perhaps even of the upper middle class.

Finally, a number of methodological points should be raised regarding both our definitions and sources. Initially the penal code contained no clear legal definition of prostitution. By implication, the legal understanding of prostitution was the provision of sexual intercourse in return for monetary pay, an act which in itself was in most cases not criminalized.

Likewise public soliciting was criminalized as a Prostitutes Jaffa disturbance. Within both Jewish and Muslim and probably more generally Arab society there were other definitions which did not cancel out the definition given above.

In the first half of the twentieth century, sex work in Tel Aviv and Jaffa was affected by the political and social changes taking place. The change from Ottoman to British colonial rule affected the legislation on prostitution. Large-scale Jewish migration resulted in large numbers of immigrants seeking employment and income, and Prostitutes Jaffa were finding it difficult to find a place in the existing labour market. The urbanization Prostitutes Jaffa Palestinian society resulted in internal migration from rural areas, as well as the development of an urban centre on the Prostitutes Jaffa which offered some of the same attractions as Beirut and Alexandria, albeit in a far more humble form.

Colonial rule and the national clash between Jews and Arabs in Palestine created recurrent unrest and at times violent confrontation.

The demand for commercial sex services was further reinforced by the five years of World War ii when Palestine served as the location of numerous Prostitutes Jaffa camps and was a destination for troops all across the Middle East when they went on leave. Jewish sex workers according to the only comprehensive report for the Tel Aviv area were mainly new female immigrants 6 in their twenties Prostitutes Jaffa older.

There was a much smaller number of teenage Jewish girls, most of whom were from Prostitutes Jaffa Eastern and North African immigrant families. Jewish migration to Palestine was strictly controlled.

Migration permits were Prostitutes Jaffa to applicants from European countries. On the other hand, studies have shown that Prostitutes Jaffa were high levels of unemployment among women and they struggled to enter the organized labour market. Neither the colonial state nor the Jewish community could provide adequate social services for families, single parents, or single adults in need, despite some elementary aid provided by Jewish municipal, national, and private institutions.

The Arab Israelis, who had believed they were almost equal Israeli citizens, saw they could be shot like Palestinians from the territories; the Israelis realised that their handymen or servants who are mostly Arab Israeli could suddenly turn dangerous.

The Arab women involved in commercial sex, mainly in Jaffa, appear to have had a different history. The reports sent by the colonial administration to the League of Nations indicate that most of the prostitutes were from Lebanon and Syria, where commercial sex was regulated and licensed.

The Prostitutes Jaffa from Palestine noted that women who had worked for some time in the registered brothels in countries to the north of Palestine but were no longer considered sufficiently attractive made their way south on their own initiative, usually illegally, to Palestine to continue working in Jaffa and in Haifa and Jerusalem. There was little opportunity for single Arab women to live on their own and provide for themselves, and those with no familial support would turn Prostitutes Jaffa commercial sex work or would be suspected of doing so.

Prostitutes Jaffa sex was concentrated in a number of areas in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa urban complex, Prostitutes Jaffa seen in Map Sexual services were sold along the seafront, as is often the case in coastal towns.

That was the case in Jaffa at the turn of the century and continued to be so according to the reports to the League of Nations.

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Other locales of sold sex were the Herbert Samuel Promenade and nearby alleys, both Prostitutes Jaffa and indoors. Prostitutes Jaffa another location was the boundary between Jewish Tel Aviv and Arab Jaffa, on the margins of both towns.

Prostitutes Jaffa work was done in a wide range of settings, especially in Tel Aviv. It is difficult to determine how independent the sex workers were or if they were part of a hierarchical network that controlled their Prostitutes Jaffa of work and income.

The piecemeal evidence points to both situations. Most Jewish sex workers, especially adult women, seem to have been able to determine their own conditions of work and were not restricted to establishments that kept them against their will.

Prostitutes Jaffa changed with the transition from Ottoman to British rule. Under the former there was no legislation on prostitution or the management of brothels. The British, upon their takeover of Palestine in —18 and the granting of the Prostitutes Jaffa by the League of Nations inintroduced legislation on sold sex, at first in line with the directives of the League.

Later, however, legislation and Prostitutes Jaffa policies on prostitution implemented in the British metropolis were applied in Palestine. Accordingly, in the early years of civil government two ordinances regarding prostitution were passed, the first in under High Commissioner Herbert Samuel and the second in under H.

Herbert Onslow Plumer. Together they Prostitutes Jaffa to the wholesale Prostitutes Jaffa of British legislation. Hence the amendments, later included in the new Palestine Penal Code of Prostitutes Jaffa, contained a range of prohibitions, among them keeping or managing a brothel, living off the earnings Prostitutes Jaffa a prostitute, and soliciting Prostitutes Jaffa public. There are also some indications that during World War ii the British army in Palestine was able to regulate and medically supervise a number of brothels for soldiers in Jaffa, while Tel Aviv remained unregulated, and all forms of brothel management and soliciting were illegal.

The communal attitude to prostitution in the nationally-oriented Jewish society in Palestine reflected a broad definition and understanding of the occupation, unlike the more restricted and focused perspective of the penal legislation.

In Jewish tradition women were considered the embodiment of personal and social purity. They were the guardians of the family, the basic building block of society, and by extension, at least metaphorically, the guardians of the larger collective.

This view was incorporated into the national ideology. Considering the very strong condemnation of Arab women suspected Prostitutes Jaffa extra-marital sex, it is quite likely that female prostitutes were likewise condemned. The consumption of commercial sex by Arab men was accepted as part of urban leisure. The massive waves of Jewish migration that followed the establishment of the sovereign state of Israel brought about changes which affected sex work and workers.

The new state experienced severe difficulties in providing employment and accommodation for the newcomers. Most of them lived in transit camps, in temporary accommodations usually erected on the outskirts of veteran Jewish cities and small towns. Many of the men from North African and Middle Eastern countries had worked as craftsmen and traders, while most of the women had not been previously employed.

The inability of many men to continue in their role as family providers imposed extra responsibilities on women and caused them great hardship; many of them became the sole or the chief provider. Their distress was exacerbated by Prostitutes Jaffa large number of children per family, which was much higher than in Jewish families from European countries. Immigrant women who entered the labour market took on Prostitutes Jaffa, informal work, temporary jobs with low pay and little financial security.

They tackled these difficulties in various ways, sex work being one of them. In other words, among sex workers a relatively high proportion of women immigrants could presumably be found who had to fend for themselves, had lost their earlier support systems, and found it very difficult to obtain sufficient employment in the formal or informal labour market in their Prostitutes Jaffa location.

Thus we conclude that Jewish women immigrated to Israel as part of the Prostitutes Jaffa waves of migration of Jewish communities, not in order to work in prostitution.

They did so because of the hardship and difficulties faced by female immigrants, and they Prostitutes Jaffa advantage of this option either as a preference or because of economic hardship.

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The scarcity of information available from that period Prostitutes Jaffa us from making any Prostitutes Jaffa regarding the women who turned to sex work in comparison with women who did not. The main source for these years is the Inter-Ministerial report submitted in to the Ministry of Justice, complemented by articles in the daily press. There are also initial indications that many sex workers in the s abandoned such work, leaving most of it to the new immigrants. According Prostitutes Jaffa the Inter-Ministerial report, the change in the demographic composition of Jewish society in Palestine was reflected, and even highlighted, in sex work.

Before Prostitutes Jaffa 90 per cent of the Jewish population was from eastern and central Europe; among Jewish sex workers the proportion was only Prostitutes Jaffa lower, a point discussed in the previous section. Among sex workers as claimed in the Inter-Ministerial report as well as the pressthe majority were immigrant women from North Africa and the Middle East, and only a minority were from European countries.

The youngsters, both boys and girls, were Prostitutes Jaffa by the state authorities to collective agricultural settlements kibbutzim where they both studied and worked. Those who found the discipline too strict and missed their home communities left the secure setting of the kibbutz and went to the cities, hoping to fend for themselves. Some of these youngsters became underaged sex workers, sometimes only until their families immigrated to Israel but in other cases Prostitutes Jaffa longer periods as well.

According to the Inter-Ministerial report, many of the younger sex workers, aged approximately 15 Prostitutes Jaffa 17, were from broken families. This may well have been a result of the process of migration, or the difficulty young girls experienced reuniting with their families after having been independent for some time.

The sex workers were from a wide range Prostitutes Jaffa family circumstances: married, divorced, widowed, and Prostitutes Jaffa, with or without children. Higher-class prostitutes sometimes worked in Prostitutes Jaffa professions as well, or went in and out of sex work according to the availability of other options. Those who engaged in Prostitutes Jaffa prostitution often had no other Prostitutes Jaffa of income or occupational alternatives.

This was the case especially among younger and somewhat older women addicted to drugs. This again was especially the case with immigrants who had been directed by the state to reside in peripheral settlements and who preferred to move of their own accord to the urban centres in the hope of finding more affluent clientele. Other areas where prostitution began to be carried out in Tel Aviv-Jaffa. Prostitution in the Tel Aviv and Jaffa area continued to operate as before, along the seafront of both towns and in Prostitutes Jaffa adjacent back alleys, but also in some new places Map While sex work took place both in the open and indoors, according to the survey mentioned above most of it was conducted outside, with brothels accounting for only a small share.

Two significant changes impacted Jaffa and the immigrant transit camps. During the war, which led to the eviction of most of the Palestinian Arabs from the subsequent territory of the State of Israel, Jaffa was left almost in ruins. Only a small Arab population remained in Jaffa, which was now populated by new Jewish immigrants, Prostitutes Jaffa we have no data on the relative composition of Arab Prostitutes Jaffa Jewish sex work in the town. Newspaper Prostitutes Jaffa do indicate that there was some cooperation between Arab men sometimes serving as the pimps of Jewish women and Arab women managing brothels where both Jewish and Arab women were employed.

There were large camps on the periphery of Tel Aviv, and male procurers brought clients from the Prostitutes Jaffa city to the sex workers in the camp. Regrettably we do not know whether the women who worked in the transit camps had special characteristics, or whether they continued with this work after moving out of the camps to their permanent settlements. Many of the women seem to have had pimps rather than working independently.

It is impossible to document this point, but from the piecemeal evidence we would make the claim that in the pre-state British mandate period a majority of the women, especially Jewish women, worked on their own.

They kept all their income or shared it with the owner of the apartment or brothel. During early statehood the impression we Prostitutes Jaffa is that many more women had pimps. When a pimp operated with only one sex worker, he and she were often married. Yet they could also be physically coercive, preventing women from leaving sex work Prostitutes Jaffa appropriating Prostitutes Jaffa income. State legislation and policy also exhibited continuity together with change.

The new state continued with the penal legislation of the former British law. Changes were introduced only inas will Prostitutes Jaffa discussed Prostitutes Jaffa on.

Yet the new state also had its own specific priorities, one of which was to establish its position in the international arena as a liberal and socially progressive state.

Motivated by this goal, the new State of Israel took its most significant step regarding prostitution by signing the un Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others.

Drugs and prostitution: Inside Tel Aviv's dark underbelly of crime and abuse

Debates took place mainly in the Knesset and the government ministries concerning the legislation that should be passed to implement the convention. But there were internal considerations as well. The veteran leaders of the new state and its Members of Knesset mk s hoped Prostitutes Jaffa establish what they considered a Prostitutes Jaffa society.

The exploitation of sex workers—or to keep to their perspective and Prostitutes Jaffa, the exploitation of prostitutes—was considered the epitome of injustice, especially in the case of young girls. Its foremost purpose was to introduce changes to the penal code which would provide for far more severe punishments for anyone, mainly pimps and brothel managers, living off the earnings of sex workers. Omitting this specification made it possible for both the police and courts to treat independent women working on their own as if they were managing Prostitutes Jaffa brothel.

The large waves of migration to the State of Israel after its declaration of sovereignty and independence Prostitutes Jaffa to a halt by the middle of the s, only to be renewed on a large scale in the early s.

Most of Prostitutes Jaffa transit camps had been dismantled, and new settlements, urban and rural, had been established in peripheral areas. These served to accommodate immigrants from North Africa and Prostitutes Jaffa Middle East and to a lesser extent from Europe, and to thicken Jewish settlements on the long borders of the state.

This transition from a large wave of migration in need of immediate provisions to a society with a more stable socio-economic ethnically-based system of stratification characterized the s. It also characterized some of the main features of sex work. According to the Committee for the Study of Prostitution headed by the judge Hadassa Ben-Ito, most sex workers were from the immigrant families of previous decades.

These were mainly women in their twenties, although according to the reports of social work and police authorities, there seemed to be an increase in the proportion of teenage girls.

While most of the women came from families suffering from economic hardship, which was their lot as immigrants, they seem to Prostitutes Jaffa entered sex work voluntarily and not by force.

Some lived in small towns on the outskirts of Tel Aviv and others Prostitutes Jaffa new more distant settlements that were built for the immigrants. Prostitutes Jaffa the latter case, many of the sex workers moved from the periphery to the central large Prostitutes Jaffa where they pursued their occupation.

By leaving the new immigrant settlements they hoped to increase their anonymity and take advantage of the greater resources and opportunities of the large urban centre. In Tel Prostitutes Jaffa and Jaffa, sex work became more apparent Prostitutes Jaffa visible than before.

This was due to changes in police surveillance and law enforcement. The legal penal amendment ofdiscussed above, prohibited women from taking up sex work in their own homes, even when they were living independently on their own. This led to sex work being conducted predominantly in public spaces outdoors.

Concomitantly it led to stricter supervision by the police, who recurrently detained women for a few hours or a few days on grounds of soliciting, often in contradiction to the guidelines of the law.

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By the mids the middle-class residents of Prostitutes Jaffa Aviv started voicing their indignation at the prevalence of sex work, and some politicians, among them mk Shoshana Arbeli-Almoznino, called for the regulation and institutionalization of sex Prostitutes Jaffa. As a result, in the government appointed District Judge Prostitutes Jaffa to head a committee that would survey the state of sex work and recommend an appropriate policy.

The Ben-Ito Committee recommended a different balance between the implementation of the law and police supervision. It stated that the police had transcended their authority in their frequent Prostitutes Jaffa. They should, instead, detain clients who had sex with minor sex workers, rather than harass women workers who did not cause public disturbances.

It Prostitutes Jaffa also recommended that health services should be provided by the state free of charge and state welfare services should also create various institutions to help women who wished to quit sex work. Finally, the Ben-Ito Committee recommended a return Prostitutes Jaffa a more tolerant approach, whereby law enforcement authorities would overlook cases of women working independently so long as they were not coerced and did not cause a breach of the peace.

Few of these recommendations were put into practice. The interim period between the large migration of the early decades of the state and the later migration of the s was coming to an end. This time, sex work was directly shaped by migration from the fsu.

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From the mids to the late s migration from the fsu brought Prostitutes Jaffa a new and clearly visible distinction in Prostitutes Jaffa Israel sex industry between Israeli citizens and non-citizens whether undocumented migrants or trafficked persons. During these two decades, two distinct migration waves reached Israel from the fsu and they affected the Israeli sex industry.

The first was Prostitutes Jaffa large-scale migration of Jews, who under the Law of Return were granted immediate citizenship. Among them were women who were sex workers. These migrations from the fsu transformed the Israeli sex industry.

There is Prostitutes Jaffa about how many of the women who entered Israel illegally were migrant sex workers and how many were victims of trafficking. We therefore use both terms—migrant sex workers and trafficked women—to describe non-Israeli workers in the Israeli sex industry in those years. Prostitutes Jaffa women entered the country mostly as tourists and overstayed their visas, or entered with false documents, posing as Jewish immigrants. As awareness of sex trafficking increased in the early s, border controls were tightened, and young women arriving from the fsu became subject to suspicion.

As a result, migration routes changed, and women were mostly smuggled Prostitutes Jaffa trafficked through a third country, mainly across the Egyptian border on the fringes of the Sinai desert. This route usually involved walking long distances in the relentless desert sun with few supplies, and often entailed rape and violence. In this period, migrant sex workers and Prostitutes Jaffa women replaced Israeli workers in the sex sector and enlarged it.

Hardly any research has been done on the scope and nature of prostitution by Israeli workers in these years. Therefore there is no definite answer to the question of what Israeli sex workers did when the industry was flooded by migrants, and how migration influenced the market; but it was clear at the time that an overwhelmingly high percentage of all sex work in Israel was conducted by migrant sex workers from the fsusome of whom were victims of trafficking.

Following the removal of migrant sex workers and victims of trafficking from the Israel sex industry, most sex workers were, once again, Israeli citizens of diverse Prostitutes Jaffa origin, many of them, as already noted, Jewish immigrants from the fsu. Most of our information about non-Jewish sex workers and their working conditions was obtained by Israeli ngo s through interviews.

A minority arrived in Israel not knowing they would provide sexual services, and did so under coercion Prostitutes Jaffa because of their dependence on their traffickers and employers. Others, possibly the majority, Prostitutes Jaffa to Israel knowing they would engage in sex work, but many of them were put to work under extremely coercive and exploitative conditions, that is, they were subjected to human trafficking according to Israeli law.

Some migrant sex workers had Prostitutes Jaffa worked in prostitution, some had been unemployed, and others had worked in middle- to low-range typically female occupations. In Prostitutes Jaffa countries of origin they had been promised earnings from Prostitutes Jaffa work in Israel that was at least twenty times higher than their earnings at home.

As far as we can tell from the few systematic surveys of women who had been detained prior Prostitutes Jaffa deportation, the average education level of non-Jewish migrant sex workers was eleven years of schooling; Prostitutes Jaffa one quarter were university students or had already completed their studies. There was a small number of minors, but the majority were women in their twenties, mostly single with no children. They were bought and sold, and moved from one brothel to another; their travel documents were taken from them, they incurred huge debts, and they had little or no control over the number of clients they were forced to receive.

Prostitutes Jaffa were imprisoned in brothels or apartments, Prostitutes Jaffa were victims of frequent rape, violence, and death threats to themselves and their families by traffickers, pimps, and clients.

A minority of women received no pay for their Prostitutes Jaffa most received little pay, and some managed to earn a satisfactory living. In contrast to the abundant reports about migrant sex workers and victims of trafficking, little is known Prostitutes Jaffa the characteristics of Israeli sex workers during these years.

In the s, as in the earlier periods, most Israeli sex workers apparently chose this occupation. Some did so on account of the few labour market alternatives, while others did so in spite of the fact that they had other alternatives available.

Yet others might Prostitutes Jaffa been drug addicts and chose sex work to support their addiction. Our general impression is that many Israeli sex workers, especially those who operated outdoors, did not hold any other steady jobs. The police claim that following the eradication of sex trafficking most sex workers now work independently and violence is relatively rare. Feminist ngo s, on the other hand, argue that violence is endemic to the sex industry, and now new more sophisticated and perhaps subtler forms of pimping are at work.

Despite the abolitionist stance in the Penal Code, before public awareness of sex trafficking increased, prostitution in Israel was widely tolerated. The latter, according to the directive, included trafficking, underage prostitution, drugs, involvement of known criminal actors, or neighbourhood disturbances.

Various other state institutions also broadly tolerated sex work. A country that Prostitutes Jaffa a noncomplying assessment tier three risks the Prostitutes Jaffa of financial assistance from the United States which is not humanitarian or trade-related, as well as American opposition to the Prostitutes Jaffa assistance from the International Monetary Fund and multilateral development banks.

In the us tip report, Israel was placed in tier three. These efforts bore fruit: in the report Israel was placed on the second tier, and in it was upgraded to the desired first tier. Still, as early as Prostitutes Jaffa, when it became clear that Israel would fare poorly in the us tip report, Israeli legislators criminalized the trafficking in women.

The amendment was heavily criticized by ngo s as being too narrow in Prostitutes Jaffa it dealt only with trafficking for purposes of prostitution and was concerned with the punishment of the Prostitutes Jaffa alone, and not with the Prostitutes Jaffa of victims.