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Lanzmann asks again whether his burden was too much to bear during these times. She describes her disdain, but concedes that, since she was never put in the situation of the Jewish Community, she should not judge them. Equally problematic was finding a country willing Prostitutes Guenzburg take you in.

Our findings underline the role Prostitutes Guenzburg stigma-related barriers to care while previous research focused on structural barriers, such as lack of time or financial resources 6 ; the latter were not associated with service use in our study. Interventions to increase mental health service use of female sex workers could therefore address stigma as a barrier to treatment. This could involve setting up non-stigmatizing mental health care environments as well as interventions to reduce self-stigma and shame.

These interventions could also try to increase mental health literacy as a means to increase perceived need for treatment and knowledge about the benefits of available treatments Several limitations of our study need to be considered. Recruitment Prostitutes Guenzburg sex workers, a fluctuating and hard-to-reach population, is notoriously difficult; due to recruitment from an information center our sample is unlikely to be Prostitutes Guenzburg and thus findings cannot be generalized.

The cross-sectional data preclude conclusions on causality. Barriers to care were assessed by a generic measure, and information for barriers to care specific for sex workers was not collected.

Finally, due to our limited sample size odds ratios in the regression model may be overestimated. Despite these limitations, our study suggests that stigma and the subjective appraisal of illness are Prostitutes Guenzburg barriers Prostitutes Guenzburg care seeking. Prostitutes Guenzburg that aim Prostitutes Guenzburg increase mental health service use among the vulnerable population of sex workers with mental health problems should target these variables.

MZ and NR analyzed the data. NR wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the manuscript's content and read and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted Prostitutes Guenzburg the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. National Center for Biotechnology InformationProstitutes Guenzburg. Journal List Front Psychiatry v. Front Psychiatry. Published online Feb 5.

Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This article was submitted to Public Mental Health, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry. Received Oct 23; Accepted Jan The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted Prostitutes Guenzburg does not comply with these terms. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Associated Data Data Availability Statement Study participants provided written informed consent on the condition that their data would be available only to our research group.

Abstract Background: Many sex workers suffer from mental health problems, but do not seek help.

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Keywords: sex work, prostitution, Prostitutes Guenzburg, barriers to care, service use, mental health, perceived need for treatment. Introduction Mental health problems are common among sex workers 12. Measures All questionnaire data were collected during one-to-one interviews. Table 1 Logistic Prostitutes Guenzburg on mental health service use i.

Open in a separate window. Discussion The prevalence of common mental disorders among female sex workers in our study was high, Prostitutes Guenzburg a previous Swiss study 3and elevated compared to the general population.

Data Availability Statement Study participants provided written informed consent on the condition that their data would be available only to our research group.

Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of Prostitutes Guenzburg commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all participants. References 1. Depression and posttraumatic stress amongst female sex workers in Soweto, South Africa: a cross sectional, respondent driven sample.

The impact of violence, perceived stigma, and other work-related stressors on depressive symptoms among women engaged in sex work. Global Soc Welfare 4 Prostitutes Guenzburg.

The mental health of female sex workers. Acta Psychiatr Scand. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders Prostitutes Guenzburg the brain in Europe Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. Unmet health care needs among sex workers in five census metropolitan areas of Canada.

Can J Public Health :e—e Prostitution stigma and its effect Prostitutes Guenzburg the working conditions, personal lives, and health of sex workers. His field is on a small hill, and he was Prostitutes Guenzburg to see the convoys arriving.

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There was a wooden fence made of tree branches, about 3 meters high, but from his hill he could see over the fence. Lanzmann does the majority of the talking, and is incredulous as to the proximity of the man's field to the camp itself.

TR 91 Lanzmann comments on the proximity of some of the fields to the camp, and that farmers were allowed to work their fields. The gas chambers were just on the other side of the fence. He was scared to work, but nothing ever happened to him while he was there. They discuss the poor quality of Prostitutes Guenzburg dirt for planting. TR 92 Prostitutes Guenzburg walk through the fields. TR TR 94 They walk from his field toward the camp. Lanzmann asks whether residents of the villages on the other side of the camp also had fields adjacent to the camp, and the man says yes.

They arrive at the platform where the train would offload Jews-- the platform could exactly accommodate 20 train cars. TR 95 Prostitutes Guenzburg man heard screams from his field.

The Jews would scream when the doors of the train cars finally opened, and they saw where they were. He describes the cries as a "lamentation. After a while, the screams Prostitutes Guenzburg less human and more like the cries Prostitutes Guenzburg geese. He was scared for his life, and thought he might be the next to be submitted to the fate of the Jews inside the camp.

TR 96 The man would rather not have worked in this field, but his father asked him to because the family had few fields. Most of the people from the area near Treblinka are poor.

The man distinguished the screams from an orchestra that was playing. The man could see the people disembarking because there were Prostitutes Guenzburg trees. TR 97 The man describes the moments after the Jews descended from the trains. Clothing went to one side, kitchen wares and tools to the other, and then they were pushed further into the camp itself. The gas chambers were on the left. Poniatovo: oratoire Silent shots of the church in Poniatowo, street and farming scenes.

An elderly woman walks towards the camera with a flower bouquet. Lanzmann Prostitutes Guenzburg what she is praying for, and she replies that she does not know. He asks her about the war, and she says, "How could I have known what was happening [inside the camp]? She admits knowing bad things were happening, but that she was not allowed near the camp and never approached. Lanzmann presses her for more memories from that time, and she walks away.

Poniatowo TR Lanzmann meets an year-old man in the village of Poniatowo, who remembers both wars. He says he remembers everything, Prostitutes Guenzburg that Poniatowo is the closest village to the Treblinka camp.

The man says he knew that Jews were being exterminated in the camp. He explains that Ukrainians also killed a few people in this Prostitutes Guenzburg, for the smallest thing. At the Treblinka station, three or four trucks came every day to pick up the corpses of Jews who had tried to escape and been shot. He remembers the smell of death coming from the camp when the wind blew from that direction, and of hearing children crying at night.

He explains that many people arrived every day: Polish Jews in cattle cars, and Jews of other nationalities on passenger trains. The Jews, he says, thought they were going to work, and when local people warned them with the hand motion Prostitutes Guenzburg cutting one's throatthe Jews laughed. In the camp, he says, there were only about 20 Germans and many more Ukrainians. The Ukrainians would come into the town with a lot of gold Prostitutes Guenzburg buy vodka and meat.

They would visit prostitutes in the woods, too. He remembers seeing Jews running from the camp during the revolt. He does, though they did not Prostitutes Guenzburg through the village in their flight. He did see the corpses of those who were killed while fleeing. He helped Prostitutes Guenzburg when he could, mostly by giving them direction and telling them what Prostitutes Guenzburg were safe, but he was very scared to do so.

Lanzmann interjects that he knows a Jew who escaped from Prostitutes Guenzburg, who hid for 15 hours in a swamp near Prostyn. Lanzmann asks the man whether Prostitutes Guenzburg is saddened that there are no more Jews in Poland.

He replies that no, he does not wish there were still Jews in Poland because he prefers to live amongst Poles. Additional shots of the group of locals with background conversation in Polish.

Lanzmann and his interpreter peer into a local home. A plane came twice a week to deliver goods to the Ukrainians working at the camp. Even the Ukrainians didn't have gold, though, he explains. Doing so was risking death, because, "the Ukrainians shot at people as though they were rabbits. Prostitutes Guenzburg morning when Prostitutes Guenzburg would come to his field, he would find the corpses of Jews laying in it, "like stalks of cut wheat.

This was common for fields around Treblinka, because many people tried to escape and were machine gunned down. Every night there would be escaped Jews in the Prostitutes Guenzburg, even naked, who asked for help. They wanted to run as far away as possible.

It was impossible to help them, because Ukrainians were in the village, except to give them clothes. Prostitutes Guenzburg brother gave clothes to an escaped Jew. Very Prostitutes Guenzburg who escaped survived.

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Lanzmann asks whether the residents of the village are very Prostitutes Guenzburg, and the man replies that they are. Lanzmann asks whether there were Jews in the village before the war, and the interviewee says no, but that some lived in another village six kilometers away. He saw the Jews from Kosow Lacki walk on foot toward the camp. Prostitutes Guenzburg Lanzmann asks whether the gentleman is sad that there are no more Jews Prostitutes Guenzburg Poland, he replies that it is not his business and that it doesn't matter to him.

Once Jews began to arrive he was no longer allowed inside. He describes hearing the cries coming from the camp, as well as the orchestra which was there Prostitutes Guenzburg "drown out the cries of the Jews.

Six transports arrived per day, and each Prostitutes Guenzburg 60 train cars. Only 20 cars could be shunted Prostitutes Guenzburg the Prostitutes Guenzburg to be unloaded at a time, Prostitutes Guenzburg they divided each train into three parts. He worked in a field very close to the barbed fence, so he could hear the terrible cries. In fact, the camp was built partly on his fields.

He could not go inside, but could hear everything. In the beginning, he couldn't handle the sounds, but eventually he became accustomed to it. Now it seems impossible that it happened, though he knows it did. Lanzmann asks him about the smell emanating from the camp. He explains that initially the odor was terrible because the bodies were buried in mass graves, and the smell became too much so they dug up the graves and burned the bodies, spraying them with gas. He explains that there were not many Germans working, about Ukrainians, and about Jews working in the camp.

The Ukrainians worked eight hours per day and were allowed to leave the camp after hours, so they would come to the village. They don't believe all of the stories their parents tell, because they weren't there. One child comments that she knows what a Jew is, though she couldn't define it.

A boy says that a Jew is "a guy who has a beard. Lanzmann presses them-- if Prostitutes Guenzburg have found human Prostitutes Guenzburg, must the stories told by their parents be true? One says yes, they must be, and another says he does not Prostitutes Guenzburg because his Prostitutes Guenzburg is Ukrainian.

A boy adds that the Jew he saw had a curved nose. When Lanzmann asks, the children say they don't have sympathy for the Jews because they are dark and have beards. When he says that he does not, they yell that he is a capitalist and a Jew. Jews are capitalists, they say. The children admonish Prostitutes Guenzburg for not believing in God and when he asks whether it is worse to kill or to not be a Christian, they say that both are sins and both are bad.

Lanzmann asks what they have learned about Jews in church, and they refuse to tell him. CU of the sun on the water. Boat on the river and under a bridge. The water. He gets out of the car and walks up to old rail cars. They Prostitutes Guenzburg slowed down by a horse drawn wagon. Picture missing from - Repeat shot of Lanzmann walking towards the rail cars.

One swings back and forth on the sliding door rail. CU, blue eyes of one of the Polish boys. He smiles Prostitutes Guenzburg the camera while sitting on the train. The other kids begin to play around on Prostitutes Guenzburg trains again. Field Prostitutes Guenzburg the tracks. Train goes the opposite way. Partially iced-over river underneath a bridge.

Railway cars and path between the trains. More shots from the other side Prostitutes Guenzburg the train. Different Treblinka sign. Moving train and town. Stones that mark the Prostitutes Guenzburg of the Treblinka camp. Memorial and the symbolic cemetery. A Polish man wakes him up and tries to move him from the bench. They talk for a moment. Other men sit on the benches at the station. Men converse on the tracks. Woman with young boy. Herding cows. Fog rolls Prostitutes Guenzburg across the fields.

Train tracks. People get on and off at the Treblinka stop. The train departs, people wave from window. More shots. A cow grazes. CU woman. Man and a young boy. Woman looks at the boy. CU of a woman sitting in front of a wheel. She adjusts how she is sitting. CU of man eating on the train. CU of the man across from him. Two men sit across from each other having a conversation. CU of a couple. Wagon passes with three men. Prostitutes Guenzburg geese cross the road, the Treblinka sign in view.

Man laying on the side of a road. Claude Lanzmann tries to help, but Mr. Borowi continues sleeping. Railway cars in the distance. CU railway car. Feeding the pig. Railway cars. Pigeons on the roof. A disabled man, wagon, man sleeping.

Wagon filled with hay. CU of railway cars. Pierres Memorial stones representing the railroad tracks into Treblinka. The ramp. Monument pierres Field with trees. Prostitutes Guenzburg memorial stone for the gas chamber. Memorial graveyard. Horse and worker in the distance. CUs, memorial stones.

Stones marking the perimeter of the camp. Traveling into Treblinka camp, along the ramp and then out of the camp and through the surrounding woods. Memorial stones.

Lazarett Sable Marche Location where Lazarett was located. Walking along the ramp and railroad tracks at Treblinka. Operator with a boom fiddles with the camera and steps away.

Men speak. Tracking shot along and across railroad tracks. Dirt path with trees and plants on either side. Repetitive shots of railroad tracks, moving backwards, the tracks disappear. Railroad tracks, moving to dirt ramp.

Pan of skinny trees, dirt ramp, wood piles. Railroad tracks with train. Train approaches head-on down the track. Locomotive horn. More panning of the railroad track. Train passes by. Tracking Prostitutes Guenzburg of the railroad tracks, dirt path, vehicles passing. Train station at Treblinka. Daszerskich St Treblinka. Prostitutes Guenzburg wooden building with Treblinka sign.

Pan to a different sign. Clapperboard TR Pile of dirt beside railroad track, trees. Biker on path. Pan of buildings at the station, bench. Prostitutes Guenzburg of swans walking along dirt path. Woman Prostitutes Guenzburg boots. Pan of train cars. Bare trees. Train stops, smoke. Train with smoke behind trees. Train cars. Birds on bare trees. Station building with white Prostitutes Guenzburg sign. Shot between two train cars. Treblinka sign Prostitutes Guenzburg trees. Treblinka train station at night.

Building with Prostitutes Guenzburg Treblinka sign. INT, one light is on. Trees in Prostitutes Guenzburg wind. Closer shot of the sign. Train moves slowly with lights on and smoke coming from the chimney against the darkening sky. Red lights in distance. Shot between two trains. People talk silent. Field with fence, bare trees, and houses in the background. Pan of area with cows, railroad tracks, power lines, and buildings.

Blue car. Train pulls out of the station soundsmoke floats towards the camera. Pan of building and the railroad tracks with trees and dirt piles. Person with Prostitutes Guenzburg umbrella walks next to Prostitutes Guenzburg. Red stop lights.

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Pan of stationary train. White Treblinka sign. Train pulls into the station. Brief section of sound without picture. Field Prostitutes Guenzburg water. Train pulls away from the camera. Pan of tracks and surroundings. Field with trees and a rock tower, alternate shots. TR upside down. TR Trees with memorial stones. Tower and memorial. Traveling shots. Black rocks. Tower with menorah. Engravings including Polaski and Austria.

Rock tower. Dirt path, barren trees, chickens. Pan of houses in proximity to the Treblinka camp. Repeat shots. Two people walk down a muddy path. Brick building with green doors. TR inside a vehicle. Pan of neighborhood homes. Dog in a window. Prostitutes Guenzburg shots Prostitutes Guenzburg the Treblinka area. Truck with hay. Arm holds a white card Prostitutes Guenzburg TR Alternative shots. Dirt road. Farmer with cows. TR upside down Three men with a Prostitutes Guenzburg.

Cows walking across the empty railroad tracks. Man on motorcycle. Prostitutes Guenzburg walking with a bike. TR Pan of forest and landscape. TR upside down Woman walks with a stick. TR Ducks in water.

Horse-drawn wagon carries passengers. TR Muddy street with horses. Woman with an umbrella. Church and everyday activity in Prostitutes Guenzburg village. TR Field and water. Horse galloping behind a fence. Traveling shot, car driving down the road in the rain, windshield wipers. Train on tracks. Treblinka sign. Church and locals. Pan of buildings. Blue Treblinka Sign. People and children on the street. Horse-drawn wagon with a man and two women with pink flowers drives by with sound.

Camera follows the wagon as it drives aways. People talk and cross the street. Local area, traffic. Treblinka Sign. Women walk towards the church and under its arch. Street in town. TR Wolka Okraglik sign in yellow. Local Polish people.

Moving train passes by. Men stand in front of the Malkinia station house across the tracks. Timetable schedule. Train slowly approaches the Prostitutes Guenzburg, passes.

Woman stands outside the building. Prostitutes Guenzburg in a hat Prostitutes Guenzburg by. Train pulls away. Pan of empty tracks. Passengers gathered. A man hangs off the train and steps off to walk beside it. An engineer connects the car to another car.

The man is visible between two train cars. Train moves sound. Pan to sound operator with boom. Stopped railcar.

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Train approaches and passes. Malkinia sign. Pan of tracks. More shots of trains at the station. Car crosses a bridge over the Bug River. Road from the front of the car on the bridge. Trees alongside a road. Train, railway tracks. At dusk, bridge above river, landscape shots, crossing the bridge.

Railway station, tracks. Officer Prostitutes Guenzburg on the median. Trains pass. Boom guy. Various shots of the station. Man walks by the stopped train, switches lever and walks across tracks. Boy in a red coat walks by.

Engineer pulls another lever. Empty tracks. Trains at Prostitutes Guenzburg station near Treblinka. TR Train with smoke. Children walk on tracks. Horse-drawn wagon, bicycles. Pan to railcar, surrounding buildings, and tracks.

TR Empty hallway. Passengers Prostitutes Guenzburg. White card with TR People wait for the train on the platform. A man steps off the train and climbs onto another.

Some shouts. Pan to countryside and river. Hand covers camera. In Malkinia, nearby to the Treblinka camp: horse-drawn wagons, Polish residents, farm animals. Inaudible dialogue. Man shoos pig Prostitutes Guenzburg a cage in the wagon to a stall; sleeping pigs.

Prostitutes Guenzburg smoke and shake Prostitutes Guenzburg. Boom guy taps microphone. Farmer moves pigs to a pen. Wagons travel down the muddy path. The camera pans out to reveal more of the wooded surroundings. Pehle walks around the woods and collects small branches. It is fall or Prostitutes Guenzburg winter and dead leaves cover the ground.

He Prostitutes Guenzburg towards his house and goes inside. Claude Lanzmann sits Prostitutes Guenzburg from Pehle in front of glass doors that reveal the woods that surround them. Lanzmann asks him to explain the policies up until the founding of the WRB.

Pehle talks about how difficult Prostitutes Guenzburg was to acquire visas during this time because there was a fear of Prostitutes Guenzburg burden and dependency that comes with aiding refugees. Lanzmann pushes for an explanation for why so few Jews were granted visas during the war and Pehle is unable to give a reason beyond the fact that Prostitutes Guenzburg were obstacles involved. Pehle describes the obstacles they faced including the FBI's fear that Nazis would try to infiltrate and become recruiters for their cause in America.

Lanzmann and Pehle discuss how few people were allowed into the country during the war. Pehle talks about how the pressure to act intensified in December of Lanzmann wonders why the word "Jewish" was never mentioned when it was specifically Jews who were targeted. Pehle describes a situation that involved sending funds to save a Prostitutes Guenzburg number of Romanian Jews in March ofbut first a license from the Department of Treasury had to be acquired, which did not happen until July.

Then the State Department and the British government had certain objections to the license so the funds were delayed until December when a cable sent to the US revealed the urgent need for them.

Information acquired through a cable about the extermination of the Jews caused the license to be rushed in December, but the situation in Europe had turned worse and it was too late to save the Romanian Jews. Pehle learned that this cable was withheld from Mr. Morgenthau and the rest of the Department of Treasury by the State Department.

Pehle explains why the State Department was on the defensive in regards to the funds. He reads a memorandum sent by the general coucil of the Treasury, Randolph Paul, which outlines the circumstances surrounding the cable regarding the extermination of the Jews. The cable was originally sent for the Undersecretary of Prostitutes Guenzburg Sumner Welles and Rabbi Stephen Wise and it detailed the mass executions and the desperate living situations of the Jews in Europe. The State Department then Prostitutes Guenzburg a cable which advised that such messages about the Jews in Europe should not be made public.

When asked why the State Department did not want people knowing about this Pehle speculates that they did not want the added pressure to act that would be caused by this information going Prostitutes Guenzburg and that perhaps they feared hysteria.

Pehle participated in a meeting with the President, Secretary Morgenthau and Mr. Pehle reads a memorandum from Secretary Morgenthau to the President that details the State Department's failures in taking action. Without the actions of the Treasury Department the WRB would not have been founded when it was; it would Prostitutes Guenzburg been formed even later in the war. Morgenthau used his close relationship with the President to convince him of the necessity of founding the Prostitutes Guenzburg.

The policy of the WRB was Prostitutes Guenzburg "take all measures within its powers to rescue Prostitutes Guenzburg victims Prostitutes Guenzburg enemy oppression who are in imminent danger of death, and otherwise to offer these victims all possible relief and assistance.

The first thing the WRB did was send representatives abroad to aid the private organizations already located in various areas. These representatives were given diplomatic status. The WRB proposed a warning be given to the Germans to let them know that any involvement in the annihilation of the Jews would be punished once the war was over.

A memorandum from the British expresses their fears of embarrassment if the Germans were to agree to stop the extermination of Jews and release them to other countries as "alien immigrants. One of the greatest accomplishments of the WRB was their ability to transfer funds Prostitutes Guenzburg private agencies that were already in action, most notably the Joint Distribution Committee.

Moses Leavitt, the head of the JDC, came to Pehle immediately to thank him for supporting them; he felt for the Prostitutes Guenzburg time that someone in the government was on their side. The JDC was involved in creating false Prostitutes Guenzburg American passports for Jews and at one point the Germans rounded up all those with fake passports and put them in a camp in Vittel, France.

Upon hearing this the WRB urged the Latin American Prostitutes Guenzburg not to deny the validity of the Prostitutes Guenzburg while the war was going on and this intervention resulted in those people being saved from the extermination camps. Pehle discusses his preparation for the interview and even though he knew what was happening at the time, to go over Prostitutes Guenzburg material again was still very shocking and he thinks that people try to forget it almost out of disbelief that something so horrible could occur.

At one point the WRB was able to attain eyewitness accounts from two people [Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler] Prostitutes Guenzburg had Prostitutes Guenzburg from Auschwitz which was valuable because at the time many people were trying to deny the truths of the war. A journalist named Elmer Davis from the Government's information office called Pehle to ask him Prostitutes Guenzburg withdraw the article because his staff feared no one would believe it and that further releases from the government would then be discounted as well.

Pehle realized that people will reject believing such awful things. Lanzmann asks about the role of antisemitism and Pehle answers that he Prostitutes Guenzburg many people, both non-Jews and Jews, are antisemitic without even realizing it.

Pehle then tells a story of he and his friends, two of whom were Jewish, trying to find a country club Prostitutes Guenzburg which to play golf. Most of the clubs did not accept Jewish members, so they decided to join a Jewish golf club. Years later the club had to decide whether or not they were going to accept black members and in Prostitutes Guenzburg end Prostitutes Guenzburg not in good consience discriminate against blacks because they themselves had been discriminated against.

Lanzmann speaks about the deportation of Hungarian Jews Prostitutes Guenzburg Auschwitz.

Stigma as a Barrier to Mental Health Service Use Among Female Sex Workers in Switzerland

In there were requests from Prostitutes Guenzburg Jewish organizations through different underground channels for the bombing of the railroad tracks leading to Auschwitz, of the bridges, and of the crematorium at Prostitutes Guenzburg. There was extensive knowledge of the locations and operations and this intelligence was sent to Morgenthau and to Pehle.

Militarily it would have been very difficult and with the tracks could easily be rebuilt. Pehle says had just been to McGill University to speak on the the Holocaust and realized that a lot of people feel that much more could have been done and believe that the bombing should Prostitutes Guenzburg taken place.

Pehle says that at the time the WRB felt that resources should be spent on bombing German cities. The Auschwitz factories were eventually bombed but they hesitated at bombing the crematoriums for fear of harming even more Jews. McCloy was completely focused on the war and was completely against the bombing.

Pehle's own position changed over the course of time; he was very hesitant but the later into the Prostitutes Guenzburg it got the more he thought this was something that should have been done. By the time they felt it was an emergency and sent a strong letter recommending the bombing it was already November, and the gassing in Auschwitz was almost finished. Pehle reads excerpts from the letter he wrote to McCloy.

The WRB was told that Auschwitz was out of bombing range and would require too much effort; they later found out that the camp was in the range of the Fifteenth Air Force. They would only Prostitutes Guenzburg unconditional surrender and would make no deals, which he realizes now might have prolonged the war and caused the loss of many lives. They hesitated when it came to making any deals with the Germans for the trading of goods for Jewish lives because they did not want the Soviets to feel as though they were being undermined.

It was also a deal they thought Prostitutes Guenzburg to fail because they did not trust the Germans. Pehle does not speculate as to why this was the case.

Lanzmann asks Pehle if they tried to involve the Vatican and the Pope in matters of the war. Pehle recalls that they had meetings with the Apostolic Delegate to try and get the Pope to issue warnings but were unsuccessful.

The two men discuss what the plan was for the Jews they were able to save. Prostitutes Guenzburg states that the WRB "took the Prostitutes Guenzburg that we would worry about that when and Prostitutes Guenzburg we could get people out, but our concentration was going to be on Prostitutes Guenzburg people out. Labor unions were upset at the thought of immigrants taking up jobs and other people were upset at the thought of the immigration laws being weakened The group of refugees brought to New York Prostitutes Guenzburg allowed to become residents.

Pehle defends this by Prostitutes Guenzburg out that they took the German prisoners of war because Britain was having a difficult Prostitutes Guenzburg. They then go on to speak about the difficulty the WRB had with dealing with various Jewish organizations.

CU on Pehle as he tells Lanzmann that the WRB preferred to work with the JDC because they were professionals and were not interested in Zionism as much as they were interested in rescuing Prostitutes Guenzburg.

The camera moves from Pehle to Lanzmann who Prostitutes Guenzburg sitting next to him on the couch and looking down at his notes. Lanzmann then looks at Pehle and the camera moves back to Prostitutes Guenzburg. Pehle recounts his dealings with Rabbi Kalmanowitz, head of the religious rescue organization Vaad Prostitutes Guenzburg. The rabbi often came to Pehle's office unannounced and would pull his beard and cry.

He would also wait in Morgenthau's office and was Prostitutes Guenzburg about saving a particular group of orthodox rabbis who escaped from Poland, crossed Russia and found refuge in Shanghai. He wanted them brought to the US to Prostitutes Guenzburg Jewish orthodoxy and he did not understand when they told him Prostitutes Guenzburg were more pressing matters at the time.

Often the WRB was approached about sending money to Switzerland to save specific rabbis and their families, but they did not think Prostitutes Guenzburg was appropriate to save specific individuals and wanted to save people in a more general sense.

Other suggestions involved approaching the Soviet government to ask them to dispatch paratroopers to seize the crematoria buildings and encouraging underground Polish forces to attack camps and destroy their buildings. These suggestions were unrealistic because both nations were too busy defending their own lands.

He reaches for something off-camera and listens and reacts to Pehle. He talks to someone off-camera and readjusts himself in his seat. He looks down at something off-camera and lights a cigarette. Smoke wafts in front of his Prostitutes Guenzburg as he looks down. He smiles at something said to him and places his hand on his head. Sohoen of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis and Mr. William I. Riegelman of the Eastern Hemisphere Division.

CU of a letter to Pehle from John J. McCloy at the War Department dated 4 July The letter refers to the cable from Bern, Switzerland. CU of a memorandum for the files, dated 24 Prostitutes Guenzburg and written by Pehle. Inge Deutschkron, a German Jew who Prostitutes Guenzburg only briefly in Lanzmann's completed film, witnessed the increasing persecution and violence in Berlin, including the promulgation of the Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht.

Her father escaped to England but she and her mother remained behind and went into hiding in Lanzmann interviews her in a coffee house in Berlin in which she remembers seeing a "Jews Not Wanted" sign during the Nazi years. She expresses feeling strange, since in the past Jews had been prohibited from the coffeehouse. Gradually, establishments put up signs barring Jewish patronage, and there was a danger of entering and being recognized.

The signs that barred Jewish customers were sometimes posted Prostitutes Guenzburg proprietors voluntarily but mostly under duress. It Prostitutes Guenzburg, however, a step in rebuilding the country after the chaos of Weimar. Friends of her father that believed the Nazi party was necessary to reassert order in Germany and that antisemitism would eventually quell.

Since Jewish Prostitutes Guenzburg had not yet been extinguished, Jewish public life merely migrated towards them in the hope that the vitriol would Prostitutes Guenzburg. Jews rearranged their lives under the pretense that life would return to normal. Branded as an enemy of the state, he had to survive Prostitutes Guenzburg a meager pension and slim prospects for future employment. Jewish parents sent their children to Jewish schools. Her Prostitutes Guenzburg eventually found work at a Zionist school.

Inge went to a regular German high school. Before high school, she was not sure what the implications of being Jewish Prostitutes Guenzburg.

Recruitment among sex workers, a fluctuating and hard-to-reach population, is notoriously difficult; due to recruitment from an information center our sample is unlikely to be representative and thus findings cannot be generalized.

She saw herself as more Socialist than Jewish, and would often assist her parents in political endeavors, such as folding Prostitutes Guenzburg. But Inge had trouble with her Jewish religion class in high school, because she had no formal instruction in the Jewish tradition. She talks about a friend who was a member of the Nazi Girls Association.

The school was named after the original Jewish Prostitutes Guenzburg, but inthe school began discriminating against Jewish children. So, she was sent to an exclusively Jewish school. The family moved Prostitutes Guenzburg non-Jewish friends to Prostitutes Guenzburg completely new district. At that time, it was not yet taboo for Jews and non-Jews to have public friendships. Her family was denounced and the Gestapo raided their home.

They found nothing. She describes an Prostitutes Guenzburg which would display Nazi materials, among them, an image of the Berlin Prostitutes Guenzburg president a Jew depicted in a compromising position with an Aryan woman. Romantic relationships and friendships were forbidden, Prostitutes Guenzburg, Inge says, was the source of many jokes to lighten spirits.

She claims that the laws did drive some to leave, due to being unable to practice their professions. But many believed that the discrimination would eventually pass. Lanzmann asks Inge to define the difference between the Jewish experience in large cities like Berlin and smaller towns. The plight of Jews in small towns was "dreadful," since it was much more difficult to hide from public attention where everyone knew you.

Her father did not think to emigrate because he believed the Prostitutes Guenzburg would pass, and Prostitutes Guenzburg refused a teaching job in Australia.

Inge says things only got worse after the enactment of the Nuremberg laws. Business at Jewish shops decreased. People with Jewish names encountered problems with the authorities. Some with Jewish ancestors were allowed to change their names to avoid the stigma that came with them. There were courses for shoe-making, chocolate-making, agricultural work, and so on. Her father, a very impractical man, opted to train with a local Jewish shoe-maker in Berlin.

Her family wanted to move to Palestine and become farmers despite having little knowledge of what such an endeavor would entail. Inge's uncle did move there, but returned to Berlin shortly after, complaining about the climate, people, and working environment.

Lanzmann describes full-page newspaper ads for such emigration programs, mostly advertised by Prostitutes Guenzburg. She describes the emerging profession of "Specialist for Immigration". She describes the trauma of selling one's worldly goods and the general prosperity of many Germans. It was difficult to publicly express anti-Hitler sentiment and the divide between Jews and non-Jews grew.

She talks about riding on the train looking at the people around her to decipher differences in the shape of ears. New parents had to select from a list Prostitutes Guenzburg approved names. Some were detained at the border and sent to concentration camps. Rich German Jews were required to disclose the extent Prostitutes Guenzburg their wealth to the German government the Deutschkrons had relatively little money and property.

Park benches were marked for Jews-only. Inge says attracting such attention would have been unbearable for her. She describes Grynszpan's shooting of a German diplomat in Paris, and the resulting expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany. Inge experienced this when she found Polish classmates absent from school. A few hours after von Prostitutes Guenzburg death, the Deutschkrons received a distressed phonecall from a family friend claiming that the Nazis had taken her husband into custody.

Several more Prostitutes Guenzburg came detailing the arrest of wealthy and intellectual Jews. They awoke the next morning to news that synagogues were burning and Jewish businesses had been plundered. Her mother wished to see Prostitutes Guenzburg herself, so the family went into the street. They not only saw chaos but the willful ignorance of the non-Jewish population. Her family passed a barber shop, and Prostitutes Guenzburg proprietor yelled "Get out of Germany, you Jews!

Inge's father opted to go to work that morning, and the Gestapo called their home an hour after he left. Her mother pretended to be ignorant of Kristallnacht events and answered their questions calmly.

She said her husband went to work. They Prostitutes Guenzburg the Prostitutes Guenzburg and one sat in her father's chair Prostitutes Guenzburg the other guarded the door. They said he should report to the police station immediately. She raced to the phone, dialed her husband and, concerned that the line had been bugged, uttered the single word "disappear".

Inge's mother then started cleaning up the apartment and decided to go shopping in order to maintain a semblance of normality. Her mother hoped that her father sought help from friends. Eventually, however, he arrived at the apartment, and maintained that, since the German police had specifically asked for him, there was no real way for him to effectively disappear.

She sought advice from Social Democratic friends who urged him to go into hiding. Prostitutes Guenzburg returned home once it was clear that "the action" was over. Their neighbor informed them that the Gestapo indeed called in their Prostitutes Guenzburg, but since milk bottles were collecting at the doorstep, there was nobody home.

The events finally convinced her father to emigrate. Inge recalls lines of people waiting outside of the American consulate in Berlin. Now, if one wished to leave, they were forced to leave their wealth behind. The Nazi government required a colossal exit fee. Equally problematic was finding a country willing to take you in. She says her father would not go to Syria because of the rumor of the "Aleppo Boil". The last resort was Shanghai, but the thought of moving Prostitutes Guenzburg such a strange land was unappealing.

Since Inge's father was in the most immediate danger, he left on April 19, The family vacated Prostitutes Guenzburg flat in Berlin. Inge and her mother expected to follow on to Britain. They considered becoming housemaids in Britain. Prostitutes Guenzburg mother received a letter from a professor in Glasgow who was willing to hire her as a cook and Inge as a maid. They began the long, paperwork process.

Inge stands at a ticket booth. Glimpses of travelers' feet. The camera stabilizes and focuses on Inge sitting on a platform bench. The station sign reads "Berlin-Grunewald"; the time is pm. As the train Prostitutes Guenzburg, Inge motions to the filmmakers. She stands, sits back down, laughing. Aboard the train, Inge Prostitutes Guenzburg by the window watching the scenery. The train pulls into another station and leaves.